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The Sughera

classification, origin and spread
Division: Spermatophyta

Subdivision: Angiospermae

Class: Dicotyledones

Family: Fagaceae
The cork or cork oak is native to Mediterranean basin. In Italy there are cork in Sicily, Lazio and southern Tuscany, and especially in Sardinia.

General
Size and Habit: evergreen oak that can reach 20 meters in height, with hair color greyish-green. CortecciaIl trunk and trunk quickly becomes sinuous and take on a very characteristic bark, several centimeters thick, grayish, which comes off easily in large heavy blocks. Each posting is a new skin below shows a reddish-brown, often almost reddish. Semipersistenti leaves, simple leaf coriacea (such as holm oak), ovoid, with margins toothed and spiny. Structures riproduttivePianta monoecious unisexual flowers, acorns are 2-3 cm long egg-shaped dome and with scales in relief.

Uses The bark of the cork (which comes off easily in large blocks) is used for making corks and as insulating material in buildings.

Cork
It 's a plant tissue composed of dead microcells, generally 14 to form multi-faceted sides, leaning against each other and the intercellular spaces. completely filled with a gaseous mixture almost identical to that of air. The parenchyma cork is very homogeneous, because virtually no cellular membranes is that without an opening. While adhering to the cork tree is made up of dead cells. The cork cells has a minimal amount of solids and a maximum of gas, mainly air atmosphere, but without the carbon dioxide. The layers are intercellular in number 5: two are in the pulp and the rooms are of cellular air-filled, two others on hard and waterproof (suberin and wax), the fifth is woody, and gives structure and rigidity. To get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe size of the cork cells, is sufficient to recall that a cubic centimeter of corky parenchyma contains about 40 million. They are usually hexagonal and their form is that of an irregular 14-sided solid. The diameter is uneven and varies from 10 to 50 micron, predominantly those which have a diameter between 30 and 40 microns. This inequality in both the thickness and diameter in size which is the parenchyma cell corky, interferes on some mechanical and physical properties of cork, especially on the compressibility and elasticity. In 1942 all the chemical elements that make up the cork is extracted because more and more used in the composition is: 45% suberin, 27% of lignin, cellulose and polizuccherine 12%, 6% of tannin, 5% cereoleina , 5% ash and other goods. The cork is saponified by strong alkali and nitrous disrupted by the acid and the halogens.
F. Piras, Temple and Calangianus economy subericola Sardinian
unparalleled gift of the earth, whose protective presence and generating a traditional economic miracle. Ancient tree, which holds the memory of men and witness their work, its shadow extends places on the landscape immutable participant in the movements that accompany the silent harmony of more gentle slopes, plains, which offer the most isolated in the sun of the South
Therein lies his greatness. Everything in Red is total utility, unique, creative, and it thus contributes to the history of everyday objects. For this reason it is a tree that participates in the history of a territory that extends from the southwestern tip of Europe, beyond leaving for distant places, the ambassador of an antique, old, now needed to develop difficult and demanding art . Everything is continuing in a unique and singular work: the cork. This requires a knowledge of techniques and experience deeply rooted in the memory of the Sardinian north-east, as the collection, preparation and processing of the cork.
ngianus know ee is a rare, sharp and exciting, for the manner in which remains and in the life of entire generations who have learned to appreciate, to touch the earth, the taste of a relationship of respect and companionship
The surface of the world's cork oak is estimated to be 2, 2 million hectares. The cork oak grows in sandy soils that have a minimum decalcified, nitrogen and phosphorus, but rich in potash with a pH between 5 and 6%. The ideal level of precipitation is 400 to 800 mm, the temperature must never be less than 5 ° C. altitude should be between 600 and 800 meters.
the trunk of the tree.
E 'from the cork which provides vital economic activity, with multiple applications, industries and diversified production activities. It gives its name to the parenchyma of cork corky, that the bark of the cork oak, a tree of the family fagacee characteristic of the western Mediterranean region. The cork oak grows in the western Mediterranean basin and in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), in southern France (including Corsica), Italy (Sardinia, Sicily and Tuscany) Spain and Portugal.
All these conditions are met, to different degrees on a narrow strip of the western Mediterranean coast. The oak tree is a tree that goes back to 'was higher, namely the Oligocene, namely the establishment of the great Mediterranean basin. Exists, according to some, more than 60 million years, representing the European flora from that geological period. E 'likely that its spread has been the center of the region currently covered by the Tyrrhenian Sea and that migration has been made through the Cordillera, in the Miocene, joined the land now underwater in the Aegean Sea to the Iberian Peninsula. As mentioned above, the oak is a plant of the family Fagacee, they belong to plant some trees such as chestnut and beech. Within this family, it is part of the genus Quercus, which includes more than 600 species, of which the oak is the type species and has a great economic interest. The most important among them is the oak suber, which alone produces cork, as no other plant produces a twist so big and so strong.

DEFOLIATION the Lepidoptera.

The Lepidoptera defoliators feed on green parts of the plant and are a serious problem especially in periods when infestations reach significant size. The loss of the leaves results in a reduction of the photosynthetic resulting in alteration of normal physiological conditions. Attacks of severe intensity that are repeated over several years can affect the growth of young plants, adult plants usually react more easily by issuing of new leaves during the growing season and gradually restoring its functionality. The cases of the outbreak of these insects are due mainly to a number of factors that affect survival of populations and consequently the frequency of infestation (eg, climate, disease, lack of predators, etc.). The studies made so far have permission to sample the cork in the presence of more than 300 species of insects, of which about 34 related tightly to the cork oak. The species that are of particular importance phytopathology are essentially the Lymantria dispar L. (Limantride), the Malacosoma Neustria L. (Lasiocampide), the Tortrix viridana L. (Tortricide) el'Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Crisorrea). The damage caused by these species can lead to complete defoliation of entire forest. The Limantria Bombich and gallons are the only species of butterflies found in Sardinia able to determine, for intervelli time more or less regular, intense and extensive defoliation. The Lepidoptera defoliators are not harmful to human health and the possible use of chemicals must be assessed with caution, as it may interfere on the existing ecological balance, destroying not only the butterflies but also much dell'entomofauna forest. Environmentally sound techniques and balance of forests, such as biological control, microbiology and biotechnology, using bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and nematodes, some of which are reproduced in the laboratory, have proved useful in solving the problem. Currently in Italy, only in the forests, it is permitted to use any formula based on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that helps to make a targeted selection is not very harmful to the so-called beneficial insects.